8 European alternatives to Particle — GDPR-compliant & EU-hosted.

Self-hosted / open source

US edge-to-cloud IoT platform (San Francisco) with firmware, cloud infrastructure and developer tools; owned by Digi International since January 2026.

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Facts

✓ Verified by handHeadquarters, owner, hosting locations and licence have been checked by us against public sources. Free of charge and for every vendor, not a paid label. Nothing in this knowledge base is taken over automatically. Last checked on October 5, 2026.How we verify

Headquarters: US (US)
EU adequacy decision: Only for companies individually certified under the EU-US Data Privacy Framework
Sovereignty model: Open-source, distributed
Category: IoT & Embedded
Type: Product
GDPR-compliant: No
Open-source: Yes
Data hosting: US

Sources

Public sources used in the latest check of this record.

particle.io

Compliance evidence

The links below point to the vendor's own public documents. We only record what we found: a missing link means "not found publicly", not "not compliant".

No public compliance evidence has been recorded for this vendor yet. Do you know its DPA or subprocessor list? Something wrong? Suggest a correction

Sovereignty profile of Particle

How this vendor scores on the five dimensions of the Digital Sovereignty Heatmap: 0 is sovereign, 100 is high exposure. These are the same scores the assessment uses.

Jurisdictional exposure (JES)	Headquartered in the US: CLOUD Act and FISA 702	90
Data residency (DRS)	No EU hosting (US)	0
Cryptographic key sovereignty (CKS)	Self-hostable: encryption keys under your own control	10
Platform lock-in (PLS)	Open source: low switching costs	20
Source & runtime sovereignty (SRS)	Source code auditable, forkable and self-hostable	35
Average		31

Why digital sovereignty matters with Particle

Particle is headquartered in the United States. US vendors fall under the CLOUD Act and FISA 702: US authorities can compel access to data, even when that data sits in a European data centre. That is the core of the jurisdictional exposure in our model.

Particle hosts data outside the EU (US). Personal data therefore leaves the EU, which requires a transfer mechanism under the GDPR and drives the data residency score up.

Particle is open source. You can audit the source code, self-host the software and keep the encryption keys under your own control. Switching is easier because data and software are not tied to a single party.

What this means for your organisation depends on your whole stack and context. The free assessment weighs Particle together with your other vendors and gives a total score, a heatmap and the main risk drivers.

Top EU-based & GDPR-compliant alternatives to Particle

The European alternatives to Particle come from our knowledge base of over 3,600 vendors. We only list vendors headquartered in the EU or the EEA; fully European-owned vendors rank before vendors with a foreign owner. For each alternative you see the country, the open-source status and a short description.

Actility ThingPark
French LPWAN platform (Paris) managing 35,000+ LoRaWAN gateways globally.
FR · commercial
↗
Beckhoff Automation
German family-owned industrial automation manufacturer headquartered in Verl, offering PC-based control technology, I/O terminals, motion control and the EtherCAT fieldbus standard for embedded/industrial IoT applications. Independent, ~5,450 employees, €1.24B 2025 turnover.
DE · commercial
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Bosch IoT Suite
IoT platform by Bosch for device management, data integration and digital twins
DE · commercial
↗
ChirpStack
Dutch open-source (MIT) LoRaWAN network server, community-driven.
NL · open-source
↗
Cumulocity
Enterprise IoT platform for device management, data analysis and smart rules
DE · commercial
↗
Eclipse IoT
Open-source IoT framework under the Eclipse Foundation with tools like Mosquitto and Hono
BE · open-source
↗
Eurotech Everyware
Italian IoT platform for edge computing and industrial applications
IT · commercial
↗
FIWARE
Open-source EU platform for smart solutions in cities, industry and agriculture
DE · open-source
↗

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Frequently asked questions

What is the best European alternative to Particle?

It depends on your use case. Strong EU alternatives to Particle include Actility ThingPark, Beckhoff Automation and Bosch IoT Suite. On this page you can compare 8 EU alternatives by jurisdiction, data residency and open-source status.

Are there open-source alternatives to Particle?

Yes. Open-source EU alternatives to Particle include ChirpStack, Eclipse IoT and FIWARE. These keep your data fully under your own control and let you self-host if you want to.

Is Particle GDPR-compliant and where is the data hosted?

Particle is headquartered in US and hosts data in US. Its GDPR compliance is limited or unclear. For full EU data residency the EU alternatives on this page usually offer more certainty.

Digital sovereignty in IoT & Embedded

IoT & Embedded: Internet of Things platforms, embedded systems and industrial IoT solutions. In this category the choice of vendor determines who has legal access to your data, where that data lives and how easily you can switch later.

All European IoT & Embedded vendors How the score is calculated

Also in this category

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